Telecommunication Principles Free Essay Example, 3250 words

If the two devices are located in distant places, this could mean that the data rate will be impaired. Similarly, short distances denote a strong network signal. With a strong signal, higher data transmission speeds will be experienced. Obstruction: obstacles to networks signals have been found to impair the data rates of the system. Walls, hills and other solid objects occurring in the way of transmission signals impair the speed of transmission. They slow down the signal and therefore reduce the transmission speed. Other obstacles may make it impossible for signals to penetrate, another setback to data rates. b) The Nyquist theorem: it is based on the assumption that noise is free. Nyquist provides the upper bound for the bit rate of a transmission system by determining the bit rate straight from the number of bits in a symbol and the bandwidth of the transmission system (assumption: 2 symbols/per cycle and first harmonic). In conclusion, it can be deducted that doubling the bandwidth doubles the data rate if only all other factors are equal. Shannon’s Theorem, on the other hand tries to determine the relationship between noise, data rate and error rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Telecommunication Principles or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This theorem is used to determine the capacity of a signal transmission system in where noise is present. The variation between the two theorems is that when the Shannon theorem gives us the upper limit, the Nyquest theorem tells us how many signal levels we require. (i) The theoretical highest bit rate C = B log2 (1 + SNR) 3000 log2 (1 + 35) = (ii) The applicable bit rate and number of signal levels First we determine the highest bit rate C = B log2 (1 + SNR) = 106 log2 (1+ 63) = 6 Mbps This is the upper limit in accordance with the Shannon formula. For higher performance and efficiency, we will use a lower value, let us say 4Mbps. The Nyquest formula will give us the levels of signal as follows 4 Mbps = 2 Ãâ€" 1 MHz Ãâ€" log2 L L = 4 L02.4 Q 2: impairments and their effects Path loss This is described as the loss in signal strength as the network signals are transmitted through space. Path loss has been identified as a major channel impairment that springs from wave expansion in the free space as a result of increased sphere. Factors that contribute to path loss include: Reflection: this is described as the change in direction of waves as a result of interaction with another surface. The result of reflection is that the wave goes back to the transmitting device (source of transmission).

Why Sustainability Is An Essential Part Within The...

Despite the lack of understanding about sustainability in our modern society this concept has been adopted by many organizations around the world for centuries and it has significant meanings in the operation of the business world. The idea is to run a business in a way that guarantees the future security of the planet as well as the business by managing its monetary, environment and social frameworks effectively. Hence, the main goal of sustainable business is to continuously strive to have a positive social effect, a minimizing natural effect while maximize the financial bottom line and It could also be said that the business must focus on the long-term impact of these three dimensional areas of the triple bottom line planet, people and†¦show more content†¦This development in interest in sustainability in business practices and its growing awareness creates a both side happy for business and humanity. (Hopwood, Mellor, O Brien, 2005). Traditionally, most businesses had s trong focus on factors that are directly effecting their economic performance. This was often examined by their overheads such as material costs, amount of sale and profit margin, which most Businesses did not consider the long term impacts. In fact, it is some sense true for short term aspect, however in contemporary society, companies play a vital role and should approach as it is also their responsibility to contribute to society and the environment also referred to as a planet, people and profit the triple bottom line. (Elkington 1997) and at the end every single investment business contributed will return in value to the business. (Kuehn, K. 2014). The Economic impact is not solely internally about local wage, jobs opportunities, investment in the economy but also looks at externally at suppliers to ensure they are involved in company’s similar practices and value. This will eventually lead to a healthier future for business while boosting its economy and local economy likewise economic component is the driver behind a company’s activity aimed at supporting business sustainability. (Svensson, Gà ¶ran; Wagner,

Expositon Determing Hate Crimes Essay Example For Students

Expositon Determing Hate Crimes Essay Exposition: Determining Hate Crimes? Hate based on race, religion and sexual orientation exist within any cultural rich societies. When this type of hate fuels a person into taking violent actions upon those they hate, it is called a hate crime; a topic which the American public is seriously concerned about. It has been a widely discussed subject on the media, and often debates of whether or not a crime should be attributed with hate are the center for discussion. Does hate crime imply on any case when a person is convicted for inflicting damage on someone different? It is often difficult to set a benchmark for measuring sufficiency of hate as a cause to label it in front of crime. The term can be conveniently stretched and squeezed by people with different ideas and biases. The four white policemen who brutally beat Rodney King Jr., a black man, half to death for merely speeding is determined by the courts judgment, as officers performing their duty. Hate, to those particular jurors and judge, was not a valid concern. To them, the beating was not due to the officers resentment for a black man, but because they were simply disciplining an offender of the law. To the minority groups, the courts ruling was outrageous. From their point of view, the savage beating was unnecessary and hate was obviously the factor which induce the four cops to perform such a nasty feat. Because people have varying views and opinions, application of the term hate crime is not always relevant. Can we assume the murder of Nicole Simpson by OJ Simpson a hate crime since it involves a black man killing a white woman or are there more in depth twist to the case? People who are willing to do a little thinking, do not just look at the difference of the victim and the convicted and draw conclusions of whether or not the crime is hate related, they examine all the other psychological elements also. The most common way of judgment is to ponder: if the victim was of a different race, religion, or sexual orientation, would the same injurious action still have taken place? In order to picture the virtual scenario, we would need to think critically and be able to delineate out hate, and to do that, we need to No one is born to be prejudice. It is the society people grow up in that teaches them to be that way. Even while watching a seemingly harmless cartoon, we are taught unconsciously to despise those who are different. The good guys are always a group of the same kind, physically appealing and very American while the bad guys are always bizarre and resemble people from a distant culture we dont recognize. From very young, we develop stereotypes; a direct effect from the workings of society. Popular generalizations such as Black people eating up social security money and Asians trying to buy America are passed around. Yet, in reality, statistics show that much more Whites are on social security than are blacks and only the Japanese Corporations are doing the purchasing, not Asians, particularly Asian Americans who have nothing to do with them besides being Asian. Ironically, society tries to undo our prejudice through education when we enter school. But the prejudice is brought back to us when we meet students who are prejudice, whether we become their friends or their victims of discrimination. Being prejudice upon teaches a person to be prejudice. How a person views something related to racism and hatred, directly reflects on how society has raised them. The American people do not see the bombing of Iraq and Yugoslavia as a hate crime, because we are told what we want to believe, that we are good and they are evil, and there would be no wrong in flexing our superior muscle. But to the Iraqis and Yugoslavians, who lost thousands of lives, the United States is but a racist nation who kills non-American people like killing ants. For if the Iraqis and Yugoslavians were Americans, preferably white, would the U.S value their lives differently? It is ultimately in a persons perception, which concludes what is and what is not a hate crime. .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 , .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .postImageUrl , .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 , .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8:hover , .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8:visited , .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8:active { border:0!important; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8:active , .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8 .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3da5c2f61395296ed00f306b1e6615e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Character Is Nessessary For Happiness Aristotle EssayBibliography: .

A socio cultural environment Essay Example

A socio cultural environment Paper A socio cultural environment is a sum of practices, customs, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that occur within population. It is influenced by cultural norms, demographic information and religious information. International organizations often do an inspection of a socio cultural environment before entering target market, because it helps the company to modify products and services appropriately. There are a lot of details that are important to understand, in order to do business in Venezuela and Japan (Verne, l. 1. , Beamer, L. , 201 1). In Venezuela, the business etiquette says that people should be greeting the most important person or the oldest person first. Interesting is that most Hispanic people have two last names one from their father and one from their mother. We should use the fathers surname when addressing someone. Venezuela has more flexible attitude towards time. People could be late, as well as business meetings or social events can begin late (Hefted, G, 2013). Business companies in Venezuela are hierarchical. Decisions, ideas and recommendations are generated from the top. Status is very important here, so people should show respect to their supervisors and colleagues as well. In this society, business relationships are based on the trust and the knowledge of each other. This is why personal contacts and networks are extremely important in making business deals. Working on friendships will improve ones success in the business environment. Venezuelan usually do not separate work from private life. Sometimes they may not trust someone first, so it is very important to take the time to develop interpersonal relationships with your future business partners. We will write a custom essay sample on A socio cultural environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A socio cultural environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A socio cultural environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Business in Venezuela is conducted mainly in Spanish. A lot of people from Venezuela do have the knowledge of English, but it is better to bring an interpreter to business meetings if someone does not have the best knowledge of Spanish. It may be surprising to someone, that Venezuelan do not hesitate to interrupt, argue and criticize when it is needed during a discussion. Exchange of arguments and ideas is considered positive and constructive. In this society, people prefer dealing with immediate issues and do not deal with the future too much. People should not be surprised if their Venezuelan colleague is in their personal space. Many people from Latin America use a close physical proximity as a way of communicating to each other (Businesslike. CZ, 2010). Japan, on the other hand, has completely different traditions and customs. When you meet your business partner a handshake is appropriate. The Japanese handshake is not strong and with little or no eye contact, which is completely different from Venezuelan way of greeting. Some Japanese can do so called bow. It is a gesture of respect and is highly appreciated by Japanese people. The deeper the bow is, the greater respect a person shows (Verne, l. L. , Beamer, L. , 2011). Very important component of conversation in Japan is nodding. When a person listens to some speech, he/she should nod, because it is a way to show that a person is listening and understanding the speaker. For people from Venezuela, it would be probably very interesting that Japanese value silence. It is an expected form of non-verbal communication. Long eye contact is considered rude in Japan as well as standing in a personal space of some person. Touching is also absolutely inappropriate. Japanese do not like exhibiting in public, which means it is not good for example to hug someone in public. During the business meeting it is suitable to sit erect and with both feet on the floor. People should never sit in any other position (Hefted, G. , 2013). When it comes to hierarchy, both personal and business relationships are hierarchical, which means that older people have higher status than young people, man have higher status than women and in business environment senior executives have of course higher status than junior executives. It is always very important to send a manager of the same position to meet with Japanese colleague, because titles are extremely important in Japan. Work is always done in groups. Everyone must consult everything before he/she is making some decision. We are talking about decision-making by consensus and it is a very long and slow process in Japan. Business meetings are formal in Japan, so there is usually no space for humor. But Japanese as well as Venezuelan, put emphasis on establishing friendships and good relationships, so it is good to spent 10 minutes with polite conversation before the business meeting starts. Harmony is extremely important in this society. That is why saving face is necessary. Japanese people want to avoid unpleasantness, misunderstanding conflicts and confrontation. It is not good to say no during the business meeting. Instead of no, it is better to say This could be difficult and try to find another solution. People should count on the fact that it takes several meetings to conclude a contract (Verne, l. 1. , Beamer, L. , 201 1). Everyone should be prepared to give and receive a gift during the first business meeting. Gifts are usually given in the end of first meeting. Not avian a proper gift for your business partner could destroy the cooperation. The ritual of gift giving is actually more relevant than the gift itself. Wrapping of the present is also very important. Japanese can sometimes refuse the gift once or twice, but then they will accept it (Hefted, G. , 2013). An understanding of these differences, which have a big impact on countrys development, is the key to effective cross-cultural communication. What can work in one country, might not necessarily work in the other one.